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From 1886, Australian colonial governments began removing many Aboriginal children from their families and communities, justified on the grounds of child protection and forced assimilation policies. In the mid-19th century, explorers such as Burke and Wills charted Australia's interior. The six colonies individually gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. Growing opposition to the convict system culminated in its abolition in the eastern colonies by the 1850s. The Swan River Colony (present-day Perth) was established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, Western Australia. The British claim was extended to the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (modern-day Albany). As settlement expanded, tens of thousands of Indigenous people and thousands of settlers were killed in frontier conflicts, which many historians argue included acts of genocide by settlers.
In 1770, fearing he had been pre-empted by the French, James Cook changed a hilltop signal-drill on Possession Island in Torres Strait, into a possession ceremony, fabricating Britain's claim of Australia's east coast. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the original inhabitants of the Australian continent. From the mid-19th century, Chinese dubbed Australia the New Gold Mountain after the Gold Mountain of California in North America. Asian Australians are Australians with ancestry wholly or partially from the continent of Asia. The German community constitutes the second largest non-Anglo Celtic European ethnic group in Australia, amounting to 4% of respondents in the 2021 Census.
Currency exchange is available at banks, hotels and international airports. This applies even if they are using international roaming. Be aware, timings will change across the country on public holidays. Australians are in many respects fortunate in that they do not share their continent—which is only a little smaller than the United States—with any other country. The federal authorities govern the external territories of Norfolk Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier islands, the Coral Sea Islands, and Heard Island and McDonald Islands and claim the Australian Antarctic Territory, an area larger than Australia itself.
Australia is such a diverse country. However, Australia is a multicultural nation with a significant migrant population, so it's common to hear a diverse range of languages in Australia's cities and towns. Nature and national parks What type of government does Australia have? What is the population of Australia?
The nation also ranks highly in beer consumption, with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries. Post-war migrants transformed Australian cuisine, bringing with them their culinary traditions and contributing to new fusion dishes. The AACTAs are Australia's premier film and television awards, and notable Academy Award winners from Australia include Geoffrey Rush, Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger. There is a symphony orchestra in each state, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland. Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the Australian government's Australia Council.
During the 1950s, Australia was the destination of 30 per cent of Dutch emigrants and the Netherlands-born became numerically the second largest non-British group in Australia. In 1888, 60 percent of the Australian population had been born in Australia, and almost all had British ancestral origins. By the mid-1840s, the numbers of freeborn settlers had overtaken the convict population. The largest statistical grouping of European Australians are Anglo-Celtic Australians, Australians whose ancestors originate wholly or partially in the British Isles. The High Court of Australia in Potter v Minahan (1908) stated that "Although there is no Australian nationality as distinguished from British nationality, there is an Australian species of British nationality."
Estimates of the Aboriginal population before British settlement range from 300,000 to 3 million. At the time of first European contact, Aboriginal Australians belonged to wide range of societies, with diverse economies spread across at least 250 different language groups. The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who circumnavigated the continent in 1803. Several 16th-century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia.